Complementary measures beyond GDP to measure prosperity and well-being - design, use and experiences

Sammanfattning: Gross domestic product (GDP) has become an influential standard measure of national prosperity and well-being, although it does not necessarily indicate long-term prosperity and well-being. Therefore, alternative and complementary measures to GDP have been developed and promoted, both internationally and nationally. The work undertaken in this study has aimed at exploring how complementary measures have been put to use in Sweden, Scotland, Italy and New Zealand and the experiences of their influence on environmental and social impacts through policy. This study draws on an analysis of 18 documents in combination with three interviews.  The study reveals that complementary measures have indeed been put into use in the selected nations, but how they are being used differs greatly. In the Swedish context, the complementary measure follows the development of prosperity by complementing GDP with a further number of indicators. Through the National Performance Framework, the Scottish Government evaluates its policies and monitors developments in Scotland's performance against its set of National Outcomes. Similarly, in Italy, the development of indicators for sustainability and equality is also monitored, but a selection of the indicators has also been included in their budget documents. The New Zealand government has launched a "Wellbeing Budget" with several priorities such as mental health, children's well-being and support for a transition to a sustainable economy. The New Zealand government monitors the impact of its Wellbeing Budget using its Living Standard Framework. Based on statements from Scotland and Sweden, it is not yet evident what significance the complementary measures have had on environmental and social aspects, as the measures do not take priority, but traditional economic measures are still widely used. On the other hand, New Zealand, Italy and Scotland have introduced legislation to support the continued prioritization of complementary measures on the political agenda.  Although the selected nations' complementary measures beyond GDP have demonstrated potential for environmentally and socially minded policymaking, the work needs to accelerate significantly among policymakers to have an impact, particularly in Sweden and Scotland. This study indicates a need for increased support if the complementary measures are to be more integrated into political decisions.