Terrain Referenced Navigation with Path Optimization : Optimizing Navigation Accuracy by Path Planning

Sammanfattning: Terrain referenced navigation is a method of navigation that uses measurements of altitude above ground to infer the position of the vehicle, mainly aerial or underwater. This method provides an alternative to the commonly used satellite-based navigation. Satellite-based navigation methods rely on positional information being sent from an external source, which can be jammed or tampered with, a problem terrain referenced navigation does not have. Both satellite-based and terrain based navigation methods often work in conjunction with inertial navigation systems, which are accurate for short periods of time but suffer from large errors due to accumulation of errors when used for longer missions. In this thesis, several state-of-the-art methods of terrain referenced navigation are studied and evaluated, with the main focus being the different estimation methods employed. Five of the studied estimators were implemented and tested on simulated flight data from a generic aerial vehicle, resulting in improved navigation accuracy compared to using inertial navigation on its own. For the terrain referenced navigation to work well, the ground needs to be relatively unique in order to contain useful information, thus making the estimation more uncertain when flying over flat regions. To deal with this, path planning was used to alter the flight path to increase the expected information gain. Using a grid based planning algorithm together with the original route yielded a modified path with more potential information. When following this new path, the terrain referenced navigation systems are shown to estimate the position more accurately compared to the original path. The study shows that terrain referenced navigation is a viable alternative to satellite based navigation. It also indicates that modifying the path to increase the expected information gain can result in better robustness and precision.