Control of Aggregations of Electric Heaters to Provide Primary Reserves

Sammanfattning: This thesis investigates the potential of aggregations of Thermostatically ControlledLoads (TCLs) in the realm of Demand Response, particularly in the provision of primaryreserves, looking at control strategies for deployment in the Nordics.The work is carried out in collaboration with the Swedish/Norwegian start-up Tibberwho is operating as a digital energy supplier, trading renewable energy and oeringsmart home services to lower their customers' energy cost. Tibber oers smart heatingservices, where customers can state their preferences and based on an analysis of historicaldata, Tibber can modulate the heating to decrease the cost. The case study iscarried out exclusively for one type of WiFi controlled electric heater. This device isable to broadcast temperature measurements and based on that, Tibber can modify theset point to control the temperature.The objectives are twofold: The rst is to dene a model of the physical behaviorof a single TCL as well as for a population of TCLs representing the thermal heatexchange given outdoor temperatures and house characteristics. The modeling is basedon real data collected by the energy supplier. The second objective is to design a controlstrategy to keep the indoor temperature within the desired temperature dead band aswell as to comply with the day ahead primary reserve power bid. Dierent case studiesare presented to validate the performance of the control strategy and its sensitivity topractical limitations.