UTILIZING WIND POWER IN GRID BALANCING AT AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY RESTORATION RESERVE AND MANUAL FREQUENCY RESTORATION RESERVE LEVELS

Sammanfattning: Variable renewables like wind energy are playing an increasingly heavy role in power generation with higher penetration levels. While such trend in electricity spot market is undeniable, how to integrate wind power in the balancing market remains uncertain. This paper investigates the feasibility of utilizing wind energy in aFRR and mFRR markets, discusses the requirements as well as the limitations that current power systems possess in order to conclude wind energy in the balancing reserve. Observations from two case studies indicate challenges in market mechanism and TSO dispatch patterns, exogenous connections with transmission systems and interconnector capacities are substantially influential. Conclusions are that FRR market designs must be modified to compliment weather-dependent energy products, and more commercial- driven remuneration methods shall be introduced to compensate wind curtailment costs.