The economic effects of EU sanctions imposed on Myanmar
Sammanfattning: The EU imposed targeted sanctions on Myanmar in 1996, which were later lifted in 2013. The sanctions were adopted because of the violation of human rights and the absence of democracy in the country. This study aims to examine the effects on Myanmar’s exports, due to the sanctions. The paper takes two approaches. First, it applies a gravity model to distinguish if the sanctions had an impact on the EU’s imports from Myanmar. Secondly, the paper entails a field study, which aims to capture any effects of the sanctions that a gravity model cannot observe. The estimation results suggest that the value of the EU imports from Myanmar is affected positively and significantly by the action of lifting the sanctions. However, the action of imposing sanctions did not have a significant effect. The key findings from the field study are that the industries that were mainly affected were the industries of garment manufacturing, timber, fishery and agricultural products. These industries were more affected indirectly than directly by the sanctions. This is because new requirements were developed during the time sanctions were imposed, which made it more difficult for companies to compete once the sanctions were lifted. There is also the indirect effect of a growing reputational risk for European businesses to trade with Myanmar, and the GSP removal that made it more difficult for Myanmar exporters to compete on the European market.
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