The effects of spinal implant wear debris particles

Sammanfattning: The goal of this literature study was to study the effects of spinal implant wear debris particles on the body in general, and on microglia cells in particular. The method of the literature study was searching for scientific peer-reviewed papers on the topic.  Spinal implants are used to fix spinal problems such as deformities or injuries. All implants wear down in the body. This produces wear debris particles. The body’s immune system reacts to the particles, triggering inflammation, osteolysis and implant loosening. The reaction depends on particle type and the location of the particles. Cobalt chrome particles are more toxic than stainless steel particles. Metal particles are more inflammatory than ceramics and most polymers. Microglia are immune cells specific to the brain and spinal cord. These cells would be one of the cells reacting to wear debris from spinal implants. Not many studies have been made on the interaction between microglia and wear particles. Some cells react differently to wear particles on their own, compared to when they are combined with other cell types. It is important to study the body as a whole system, and not just one cell type, as the results may differ. Several studies have concluded that wear particles induce an inflammatory response, and that the resulting inflammation is mild and does not have any severe negative effects. How much inflammation is required for a severe negative effect such as osteolysis is unclear. In conclusion, the perfect spinal implant does not exist. All spinal implants generate wear debris, and the body reacts to every type of debris. Maybe science will one day find the perfect implant material that does not induce a biological reaction.