Utformning av hållbara byggnader : Balansen mellan utsläpp och isoleringsförmåga

Sammanfattning: In Sweden, more buildings are being built today than ever before, while awareness of the consequences this has for the climate has increased. On January 1, 2022, a law came into effect to introduce climate declarations for new constructions. This is one step towards becoming a country that will have net zero emissions by 2045. To further develop the law, Boverket has developed a proposal to introduce limit values in climate declarations, which will apply from 2027. The introduction of limits will affect the construction industry as the future buildings will need to be built differently than they are today to meet the requirements.  This project aims to contribute knowledge in sustainability to reduce emissions in the construction industry. Furthermore, to provide suggestions for changes in a building's construction to meet the future limits. The building in this project is to symbolize a typical apartment building in Sweden. It has been modeled in the software Revit and then been exported to the Carbon Cost Compass software, where different examples of the building have been created, with differences in material choices. This while maintaining the average thermal transmittance, Um, as to not affect the building's insulation capacity. The result of the climatic action in the original building was 396.1 kg CO2e/m2BTA according to the requirements for 2027, in comparison with the limit value which was calculated to be 257-294 kg CO2e/m2BTA. Four different versions of the building were created with suggestions for changes in the construction, to meet the limit values. The version of the building with the lowest emission is the one referred to as "Minimum", with a climate action of 160.1 CO2e/m2BTA.  In May 2023, Boverket released an updated proposal regarding the expansion of climate declaration laws. The proposal presents initial threshold values for various building types, including apartment buildings. The suggested limit of 375 kg CO2e/m2BTA is planned to be implemented in 2025, with subsequent reductions every five years starting from 2030. This proposed number differs from the findings of this study. The variation could be attributed to the intention of initially avoiding overly strict regulations, allowing companies a reasonable opportunity to transition their production towards more sustainable construction practices. In conclusion, it is apparent that the use of wood as a building material will need to increase progressively. Alternatively, new methods for manufacturing other climate-friendly materials must be developed.