Solcellsintegration i fastigheter : Påverkan på nyproduktion och det lokala energisystemet

Sammanfattning: The energy system worldwide is under rapid change, and Sweden is not an exception. The market for solar cells has developed significantly over the last five years, and national treaties regarding a fully renewable electricity system by 2040 shows interest in a new energy system.Sweco has received several inquries from municipalities in Sweden with regard to the municipal role in expanding the market for solar cells in the urban setting. This masters thesisis based on this demand, and aims to investigate how to further stimulate the market for solar cells in the urban setting, the role of municipalities and what technologies and methods can be applied in combination with solar cells to increase the value of solar electricity production. The results of the masters thesis are based on an interview study with stakeholders in architecture, urban planning, real estate, electricity grid and others relevant for the solar cell market. The selection is an attempt to create a sufficiently broad perspective from the industry. The results from the study indicate that municipalities have significant influence on conditions for successful implementation of solar cells in the urban environment. Through urban plans, Swedish municipalities can enact requirements such as roof orientation and slope, which can create enabling conditions for technologies utilizing solar energy. In addition to that, they have the right to demand discussions with regard to renewable electricity production in land exploitation competitions from the construction company, but these cannot be technology specific. Instead, they can sign separate agreements according to civil law with the construction company, or apply certain demands on their own municipal real estate and housing companies. In addition to requirements, the municipalities can act through building permits, making it either easier for all the actors involved or conditionally waive permit requirements. This requires the simplification or the conditions of the exemption to be satisfactory considering visual and technical aspects, so that sub-quality installations are not implemented. A high own consumption of the electricity produced within the property is a major factor when it comes to the dimensioning of the solar cell installation, which can lead to sub-optimal utilization of available surface area. Even though the Swedish electrical grid overall is considered strong enough to handle further implementation of solar cells, the economic value of produced electricity that is transferred on the grid is lower than the electricity used inside the property. Municipalities are seen as entities of political power, which can influence relevant legislation and taxes, and therefore reduce the importance of high consumption within the property. However, most interviewed actors consider utilizing technical solutions such as batteries to increase the portion of electricity consumed within the property. Even though none of the techniques suggested are considered commercially competitive today, some actors still see the value in testing these solutions, to ensure they have relevant knowledge in the subject when commercial viability becomes reality. Municipalities are also considered to play a role here, as they can be a driving force towards their own goals. Along the way, they can help contribute to the knowledge of the industry, and create platforms that enable knowledge exchanges.