Possibilities and Challenges of City Planning using 3D Visualization : A systematic literature review on the possibilities of city visualization using 3D computer graphics and the utility of parametric design

Sammanfattning: There exist numerous previously conducted surveys, studies and written articles on the topic of 3D geo-visualization. The subject has been pursued increasingly for the last two decades. In the late 1960s, digital earth, the idea of a digital copy of the real world was first proposed. However, hardware capabilities were limited. With modern graphical hardware, various institutions and municipalities are utilizing software for the development of maps, exterior and interior models of buildings and infrastructure, all in 3D. In the first steps toward understanding and finding utility for the 3D visualization, research is needed in the argument for the usefulness of 3D models and 3D maps to enhance urban planning and design. This paper covers a variety of articles about topics surrounding the utility of 3D visualization for improving the urban planning and design workflow. Though many professional fields make use of digital visualization methods, the primary aim of this work is to identify the key differences between 2D and 3D visualization from an urban planning perspective. Little research or studies exist to prove the benefits and drawbacks of digitization in 3D of maps and models. However, enough evidence suggests that there is potential for concepts related to 3D, BIM, GIS, digital twins and parametric design in urban development. In this paper, the challenges and utility of 3D models and visualization in urban development are explained through a systematic review. This paper also covers a study of parametric design, its utility, and challenges, using the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) program Rhino and its programming interface, Grasshopper (GH). Various domains in infrastructure and urban development are utilizing 3D or arguing for the utilisation of 3D visualization to perform analyses, run simulations, or improve communication. The systematic review suggests that 2D, to-this-day, serves as a superior overview-visualization method for stakeholders accustomed to the urban planning process. However, 3D visualization is more applicable for design purposes. Artists and architects prefer 3D environments that allow for high detail visual evaluation and craftsmanship. 3D is a prerequisite for complicated analyses of complex urban modernization and construction planning. The most consistent discovery of 3D visualization is the advancement in collaboration between stakeholders such as politicians, designers and planners as it empowers stakeholders' understanding without requiring prior technical expertise of the design or planning process. The study on parametric design proves that 3D modeling of building information models (BIM) through a generative and iterative process has the potential to improve the workflow of detailed plans in architecture and urban planning.